人工貽貝在全球應用
參與成員：胡紹燊教授, 梁美儀教授, 招文瑛博士
為了克服監測海洋環境中金屬長期存在的問題和局限性，胡紹燊教授的科研團隊早於2007年研發了一套新的化學採樣裝置，稱為人工貽貝(Artificial Mussel, AM)。該裝置主要由浸於人工海水的高分配配位體 chelex 100 樹脂、外壁為不透性有機玻璃、兩端用半透過性聚丙烯醯胺 (polyacrylamide, SPP) 密封的管道構成。SPP膠可以使金屬離子通過孔隙緩慢滲透進入管道後與樹脂螯合。
在蘇格蘭、冰島、南非和葡萄牙水域的實地測試表明，AMs積累的常見有毒金屬與活貽貝(living mussel) 相似 (Leung et al., 2008; Degger et al., 2011; Gonzalez-Rey et al., 2011; Claassens et al., 2016)，但鋅（Degger et al., 2011; Gonzalez-Rey et al., 2011) 和鉛 (Leung et al., 2008; Gonzalez-Rey et al., 2011) 的積累模式則與活貽貝有顯著差異。Kibria等人(2012)應用AMs建立了澳洲維多利亞州內Goulburn-Murray淡水流域微量金屬污染物的熱點地圖並評估了其對水生生態系統和公眾衛生的潛在威脅。
Ruiz-Fernández等人(2018)發現，在墨西哥水域中汞和鈾不能在牡蠣和貽貝積累，但可以被AMs檢測到，表明AM可能比生物監測器更有效。基於中國沿海從溫帶到熱帶環境五個城市的綜合研究，Degger等人(2016)得出的結論是: AMs可以提供可靠的時間綜合估算，以評估不同水文條件和大範圍水域內的金屬濃度，並克服了監測水，沉積物和生物中金屬的長期問題。同樣地，沈等人(2020)對比澳洲沿海水域鎘、鉛、銅、鋅、鉻、硒、汞和砷八種微量金屬在AMs和LMs中的積累模式，指出AMs能在多種微量金屬的生物監控中作為活貽貝的良好替代品。
AMs首次實現了全球海洋環境中金屬濃度的比較。
有關人工貽貝在全球範圍內的應用研究已經發表在國際重要期刊Environment International, Environmental Pollution, Chemosphere, Ecological Indicators, Journal of Environmental Management, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Marine and Freshwater Research。
參考:
1. Claassens, L., Dahms, S., van Vuren, J.H.J. and Greenfield, R. (2016). Artificial mussels as indicators of metal pollution in freshwater systems: A field evaluation in the Koekemoer Spruit, South Africa. Ecological Indicators, 60, 940-946.
2. Degger, N., Chiu, J.M.Y., Po, B.H.K., Tse, A.C.K., Zheng, G.J., Zhao, D.M., Xu, D., Cheng, Y.S., Wang, X.H., Liu, W.H., Lau, T.C. and Wu, R.S.S. (2016). Heavy metal contamination along the China coastline: A comprehensive study using Artificial Mussels and native mussels. Journal of Environmental Management, 180, 238-246.
3. Degger, N., Wepener, V., Richardson, B.J. and Wu, R.S.S. (2011). Application of artificial mussels (AMs) under South African marine conditions: A validation study. Marine Pollution Bulletin63(5-12), 108-118.
4. Genc, T.O., Po, B.H.K., Yilmaz, F., Lau, T.C., Wu, R.S.S. and Chiu, J.M.Y. (2018). Differences in metal profiles revealed by native mussels and artificial mussels in Sarcay Stream, Turkey: implications for pollution monitoring. Marine and Freshwater Research, 69(9), 1372-1378.
5. Gonzalez-Rey, M., Lau, T.C., Gomes, T., Maria, V.L., Bebianno, M.J. and Wu, R.S.S. (2011). Comparison of metal accumulation between ‘Artificial Mussel’ and natural mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in marine environments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 63(5-12), 149-153.
6. Kibria, G., Lau, T.C. and Wu, R.S.S. (2012). Innovative ‘Artificial Mussels’ technology for assessing spatial and temporal distribution of metals in Goulburn-Murray catchments waterways, Victoria,Australia: Effects of climate variability (dry vs. wet years). Environment International, 50, 38-46.
7. Leung, K.M.Y., Furness, R.W., Svavarsson, J., Lau, T.C. and Wu, R.S.S. (2008). Field validation, in Scotland and Iceland, of the artificial mussel for monitoring trace metals in temperate seas.Marine Pollution Bulletin, 57(6-12), 790-800.
8. Ruiz-Fernandez, A.C., Wu, R.S.S., Lau, T.C., Perez-Bernal, L.H., Sanchez-Cabeza, J.A. and Chiu, J.M.Y. (2018). A comparative study on metal contamination in Estero de Urias lagoon, Gulf of California, using oysters, mussels and artificial mussels: Implications on pollution monitoring and public health risk. Environmental Pollution, 243, 197-205.
9. Shen, H., Kibria, G., Wu, R.S.S., Morrison, P. and Nugegoda, D. (2020). Spatial and temporal variations of trace metal body burdens of live mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and field validation of the Artificial Mussels in Australian inshore marine environment. Chemosphere, 248, 126004.
10. Wu, R.S.S., Lau, T.C., Fung, W.K.M., Ko, P.H. and Leung, K.M.Y. (2007). An ‘artificial mussel’ for monitoring heavy metals in marine environments. Environmental Pollution, 145(1), 104-110.
