To understand the landscape architectural heritage of the past in its social, environmental and historical context; historical and international comparison of the origins and evolution of cities; process of urbanization, and the human endeavor to effect urban growth and change; history of urban physical form and of planning efforts; planning origins in the nineteenth century and transnational influences; urban spatial arrangement; housing market differentiation; elements of urban physical form - grid and organic structure; commercial city forms; urban skyline, urban sprawl and efficient placement of land use activities, infrastructure, and settlement growth across a larger area of land.

Continuous Assessment: 100%